Best Practices in Solving PNT Threats

Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT), which is often shortened to just three letters, are like the hidden pillars that support our modern world. PNT is the heartbeat of our complex world, ensuring everything functions smoothly, from military operations to critical infrastructure systems.

Breakdown of PNT's Core Components:

• Positioning: It's all about knowing where you are.
• Navigation: It ensures you get where you need to be accurately.
• Timing: It ensures precise actions happen when required.

PNT's importance goes beyond simply helping your smartphone's map app work smoothly. It plays a pivotal role in orchestrating military manoeuvres, safeguarding critical infrastructure, and facilitating national security functions. PNT embodies the very essence of accurate data synchronisation and seamless coordination. But do you truly comprehend the stakes involved when it comes to PNT?

The Vulnerability of PNT Services

As technology advances at an astonishing pace, so do the threats to PNT services. The most glaring vulnerability? Our overreliance on the Global Positioning System (GPS). While GPS has transformed our ability to navigate and coordinate activities, it has simultaneously made us increasingly susceptible to disruptions.

Imagine the havoc that network timing attacks, cyberattacks, physical interference, or even environmental factors can wreak when it comes to critical infrastructure and military operations. We can no longer afford to ignore these vulnerabilities.

The Imperative for Resilient PNT Systems

Depending solely on GPS is no longer sustainable. We must evolve our strategies and embrace resilient, multisource, and assured PNT systems. Resilient PNT systems are designed to withstand a broad spectrum of challenges, continuing to function even when components are compromised or disrupted. This ensures PNT services remain available, accurate, and reliable, regardless of external threats or failures.

Guidance from Published Standards

Navigating this complex landscape becomes more manageable with the guidance provided by published resilient PNT guidelines and standards. Key organisations such as the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) have been instrumental in shaping the framework for resilient PNT systems.

• DHS Resilient PNT Conformance Framework: A comprehensive blueprint for achieving PNT resilience, emphasising the need for multiple sources of PNT data.
• NIST Cybersecurity Framework for PNT Profile: Outlining strategies for securing PNT systems against cyber threats.
• IEEE P1952 Resilient PNT for User Equipment Standard: Defining standards to ensure PNT resilience in user equipment.

These published standards offer clear guidelines and best practices for designing and implementing resilient PNT systems. They are our foundation for securing the bedrock of modern defence.

A Federal Mandate for Resilient PNT

It's not just us in the tech world raising the alarm about PNT threats. Take Senator Angus King, for instance. In March 2023, Senator King expressed deep concerns that GPS is a prime target for adversaries seeking to disrupt military operations. He also highlighted the urgent need for developing alternatives to space-based resources.

General James H. Dickenson, the Commander of the U.S. Space Command echoed Senator King's concerns, confirming that efforts are indeed underway to explore alternative PNT solutions and develop capabilities beyond GPS.

PNT Threats and GPS Vulnerabilities

Now, let's delve into the specifics of PNT threats and GPS vulnerabilities, so you truly understand the urgency of the situation:

• Jamming: Deliberate interference with GPS signals can disrupt PNT services, making GPS signals unreadable and systems unreliable.
• Spoofing: Counterfeit GPS signals deceive receivers, leading to critical misalignments in navigation and timing.
• Cyberattacks: These pose a significant threat to PNT services, targeting GPS infrastructure or connected systems, compromising data integrity and reliability
• Environmental Factors: Solar flares and ionospheric disturbances can interfere with GPS signals, causing inaccuracies and disruptions.
• Satellite Attacks: Attacks on GPS satellites can have severe consequences for PNT services.
• Adjacent-Band Transmitters: Transmitters operating close to GPS signals can unintentionally cause interference.

Understanding these threats is the first step towards securing PNT services in critical defence communications infrastructure.

Real-World Examples of GPS/PNT Threats

To truly grasp the gravity of the situation, consider these real-world incidents:

• In January 2022, a significant disruption lasting 33.5 hours affected multiple communication systems, highlighting the vulnerability of systems dependent solely on GPS.
• In March 2022, another incident occurred, emphasising the susceptibility of critical systems to GPS disruptions. These real-world examples serve as stark reminders of the vulnerabilities that exist and the imperative to address them.
• In March 2023, underscores the ongoing challenges posed by PNT threats. It serves as a call to action for securing PNT services in critical defence communications infrastructure.

MoD's Zero-Trust PNT Strategy

In response to growing awareness of PNT threats and vulnerabilities, innovative solutions have emerged to fortify the security and resilience of defence communications infrastructure. The Ministry of Defense's (MoD) zero-trust PNT strategy, which emphasises the principle of 'never trust, always verify,' is central to these efforts.

Resilient & Assured PNT Solution

A resilient and assured PNT (aPNT) solution, like Oscilloquartz's accessSync™, edgeSync™, and coreSync™ grandmasters, is the key to achieving the goals set forth in the DoD's zero-trust PNT strategy. These aPNT+™ solutions leverage advanced multi-band, multi-constellation GNSS technology to provide fully backed up PNT services. They follow a defence-in-depth approach with detection, mitigation, and backup strategies to ensure the reliability and redundancy required to meet the stringent demands of military network timing requirements.

These solutions are enhanced with AI tools that bolster threat detection. In situations where GNSS signals are unavailable, they possess holdover capabilities to maintain precise timing. Oscilloquartz’s aPNT+™ platform excels in detecting spoofing, jamming, and cyber threats, enabling immediate identification of malicious activities. It also ensures that timing can be derived from uncompromised sources. For exceptional reliability, the autonomous coreSync+ OSA 3350 optical cesium atomic backup clock exceeds the most stringent industry timing requirements. The edgeSync™ and coreSync™ grandmasters, represented by the OSA 5422 and OSA 5430/40, offer integrated combiner functionality. This enables the creation of fully redundant enhanced Primary Reference Time Clock (ePRTC) setups with just two network elements. Moreover, the precision of the multi-band GNSS receivers meets strict PRTC-B specifications, even without an atomic cesium clock, resulting in significant cost reductions.

Conclusion

Safeguarding PNT services is not just a technical endeavour; it is a matter of national security. Resilient and assured PNT systems are essential for ensuring the foundations of precise positioning, navigation, and timing remain unwavering in the face of adversity.

By embracing best practices, leveraging innovative solutions, and adapting to the evolving threat landscape, we can fortify our critical infrastructure, safeguard national security, and ensure the bedrock of modern defence remains strong and secure. The time to act is now, and together, we can navigate the complexities of PNT threats and emerge stronger and more resilient than ever before.